Linux
What is linux
unix was created by AT & T employees in1969. linux was written by a single man named Linus Trveald around 1991.
Linux is a free and open source alternative to Unix.
Linux comes in many varieties which are called distributions.Eg:-Debian, fedora, linux mint, redhat, ubuntu, xubuntu
the biggest success of inux is Android .it is based on the unix kernal that is running on Smartphones and Tablets. Due to Android linux has the largest installed based of all general purpose operating system.
Components of the Linux Operating System
There are a number of distinct pieces which comprise a distribution of the Linux OS.
The Bootloader -This software manages the computer’s boot process.
The Kernel – The kernel is the core of the system and takes care of managing the computer’s CPU, memory, and peripheral devices.
The shell -Simply put, the shell is a program that takes commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. In the old days, it was the only user interface available on a Unix-like system such as Linux. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell.
Desktop Environment - This is the window through which the user interacts with the operating system.
Applications - These are the utility programs which runs on Shell. This can be any application like Your web browser, media player, text editor etc.
Commonly Used Linux Commands
These are some of the commands which you will commonly need to execute when working with the operating system through the command line.
Pw print current work directory.
Ls list content of the current directory.
Cd change directory.
cd .. to move one directory up
cd- to move to your previous directory
ls list content of the current directory.
ls -R will list all the files in the sub-directories as well
ls -a will show the hidden files
ls -al will list the files and directories with detailed information like the permissions, size, owner, etc.
mkdir make new directory.
rmdir delete the folder.
rm remove file directory.
Rm -rf remove all files and directories under the specific directory
mv rename a file.
cp copy file.
uname This command displays information regarding the machine name and operating system. Use uname -a to obtain more detailed information.
history Using this command you can see a list of the recently executed commands entered through the command line.
Touch create a empty file.
chmod [options] mode filename – This command is used to change the read, write and execute file permissions.
sudo This is a very powerful command that allows an authorized user to execute commands as the root user of the system.
Gerp You can search for a specified pattern or string in files with this command.
vim/vi filename Executing this command allows you to edit text and program files.
cat command to display the contents of a file. It is usually used to easily view programs.
echo echo values to the screen. Eg:- “welcome”---> display welcome.
ps list currently running process.
host name show the user name.
host name -i show ip address.
man display details about an instruction.
reset reset .
clear clear.
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